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World-systems theory (also known as world-systems analysis or the world-systems perspective),〔Immanuel Wallerstein, (2004), "World-systems Analysis." In ''World System History'', ed. George Modelski, in ''Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems'' (EOLSS), Developed under the Auspices of the UNESCO, Eolss Publishers, Oxford, UK〕 a multidisciplinary, macro-scale approach to world history and social change, emphasizes the world-system (and not nation states) as the primary (but not exclusive) unit of social analysis.〔〔 "World-system" refers to the inter-regional and transnational division of labor, which divides the world into core countries, semi-periphery countries, and the periphery countries.〔Thomas Barfield, ''The dictionary of anthropology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1997, ISBN 1-57718-057-7, (Google Print, p.498-499 )〕 Core countries focus on higher skill, capital-intensive production, and the rest of the world focuses on low-skill, labor-intensive production and extraction of raw materials.〔 This constantly reinforces the dominance of the core countries.〔 Nonetheless, the system has dynamic characteristics, in part as a result of revolutions in transport technology, and individual states can gain or lose their core (semi-periphery, periphery) status over time.〔 For a time, some countries become the world hegemon; during the last few centuries, as the world-system has extended geographically and intensified economically, this status has passed from the Netherlands, to the United Kingdom and (most recently) to the United States of America.〔 ==Background== Immanuel Wallerstein has developed the best-known version of world-systems analysis, beginning in the 1970s.〔Wallerstein, Immanuel (1974). The Modern World-System I: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.〕〔Paul Halsall (Modern History Sourcebook: Summary of Wallerstein on World System Theory ), August 1997〕 Wallerstein traces the rise of the capitalist world-economy from the "long" 16th century (c. 1450-1640). The rise of capitalism, in his view, was an accidental outcome of the protracted crisis of feudalism (c. 1290-1450).〔Wallerstein, Immanuel (1992). "The West, Capitalism, and the Modern World-System", Review 15 (4), 561-619; also Wallerstein, The Modern World-System I, chapter one; Moore, Jason W. (2003) "(The Modern World-System as Environmental History? ) Ecology and the rise of Capitalism," Theory & Society 32(3), 307-377 .〕 Europe (the West) used its advantages and gained control over most of the world economy and presided over the development and spread of industrialization and capitalist economy, indirectly resulting in unequal development.〔〔〔 Though other commentators refer to Wallerstein's project as world-systems "theory", he consistently rejects that term.〔Wallerstein, Immanuel. 2004. ''The Uncertainties of Knowledge''. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.〕 For Wallerstein, world-systems analysis is, above all, a mode of analysis that aims to transcend the structures of knowledge inherited from the 19th century including, especially, the divisions within the social sciences, and between the social sciences and history. For Wallerstein, then, world-systems analysis is a "knowledge movement"〔Wallerstein, Immanuel. 2004. 2004a. “World-Systems Analysis.” In ''World System History: Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems'', edited by George Modelski. Oxford: UNESCO/EOLSS Publishers, http://www.eolss.net.〕 that seeks to discern the “totality of what has been paraded under the labels of the… human sciences and indeed well beyond.〔Wallerstein, ''The Uncertainties of Knowledge'', p. 62.〕 "We must invent a new language," Wallerstein insists, to transcend the illusions of the "three supposedly distinctive arenas" of society, economy and politics.〔Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1991. "Beyond Annales," ''Radical History Review'', no. 49, p. 14.〕 The trinitarian structure of knowledge is grounded in another, even grander, modernist architecture, the alienation of biophysical worlds (including those within bodies) from social ones: "One question, therefore, is whether we will be able to justify something called social science in the twenty-first century as a separate sphere of knowledge." 〔Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1995. "What Are We Bounding, and Whom, When We Bound Social Research?" ''Social Research'' 62(4):839-856.〕〔Moore, Jason W. 2011. 2011. "Ecology, Capital, and the Nature of Our Times: Accumulation & Crisis in the Capi-talist World-Ecology," ''Journal of World-Systems Analysis'' 17(1), 108-147, http://www.jasonwmoore.com/Essays.html.〕 Many other scholars have contributed significant work in this "knowledge movement".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「World-systems theory」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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